Macular strain This is a term used to describe optic disc edema in combination with lipid exudate within the macula and fovea, typically in the configuration of a macular star (Figure 6-1). Although more than one type of optic neuropathy (including anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and papilledema) can cause optic disc edema with exudate in the configuration of a macular star, when I use the term neuroretinitis I am implying an inflammatory cause for the optic neuropathy. I find that one of the most frequently found, and often overlooked, signs in patients with neuroretinitis is the presence of inflammatory cells within the vitreous, which are nearly uniformly present and help suggest that the problem is from inflammation. Neuroretinitis is most commonly unilateral but inflammatory signs, such as foci of retinitis, may be bilateral and the optic disc edema can uncommonly be bilateral.

Man boobs Everyone, including males, has some breast tissue. For many males, the breast tissue never enlarges. For some, however, it expands due to hormonal changes, certain medications, or an underlying medical condition.

However, it is important to note that enlarged breast tissue is a common concern. As such, there are many possible treatments available for those who wish to change the look of their chest.

Testosterone in the male body usually prevents the breast tissue from expanding.

However, some males develop enlarged breasts due to hormonal changes or fluctuations. When this occurs, doctors call it gynecomastia.

However, for many males, excess breast tissue is not the cause of “man boobs.”

Like the abdomen, the chest can accumulate fat. In these cases, exercise and dietary changes can reduce their appearance.

Mastectomy During a mastectomy (sometimes also referred to as a simple mastectomy), doctors remove all the breast tissue. if considering immediate reconstruction, surgeons sometimes perform a
Skin-sparing mastectomy.
In this surgery, surgeons remove all the breast tissue, as well, but preserve the overlying skin.
A nipple-sparing mastectomy keeps the skin of the breast, as well as the areola and nipple.

Mastopexy Mastopexy is the medical name for a breast lift. In this procedure, a plastic surgeon raises and reshapes your breasts to give them a firmer, rounder look. The surgery also removes extra skin around your breast and reduces the size of your areola — the colored circle around your nipple.as you get older, your breasts lose their elasticity and firmness. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and weight gain or loss can accentuate this process. You might want to have this surgery if your breasts have started to sag or droop. If you’d also like to increase the size of your breasts, you can sometimes have breast augmentation at the same time as mastopexy.

Melanocytes Human melanocytes are distributed not only in the epidermis and in hair follicles but also in mucosa, cochlea (ear), iris (eye), and mesencephalon (brain) among other tissues. Melanocytes, which are derived from the neural crest, are unique in that they produce eu-/pheo-melanin pigments in unique membrane-bound organelles termed melanosomes, which can be divided into four stages depending on their degree of maturation. Pigmentation production is determined by three distinct elements: enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, proteins required for melanosome structure, and proteins required for their trafficking and distribution. Many genes are involved in regulating pigmentation at various levels, and mutations in many of them cause pigmentary disorders, which can be classified into three types: hyperpigmentation (including melasma), hypopigmentation (including oculocutaneous albinism [OCA]), and mixed hyper-/hypopigmentation (including dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria).

Men & aesthetic Men's interest and participation in cosmetic procedures has increased in recent years; however, the factor that motivates or discourages men from undergoing these procedures is not well understood. The main motivating reason to undergo a cosmetic procedure was pursuit of a youthful appearance and the main discouraging reasons were cost and time for appointments or recovery. This study suggests that a majority of our male patients have either embraced or are interested in cosmetic treatments, but the cost and time play a big role in their decision. 

Metformin is recommended as first-line treatment in T2DM patients. When this fails, other agents are added to provide combination therapy. Most T2DM patients require combination therapy, because monotherapy with metformin usually only maintains good metabolic control in the short term. Treatments which can be added include sulphonylureas, acarbose, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, thiazolidinediones, glinides, or insulin.

Micro needling Needling your way to healthier skin. Microneedling was once viewed with skepticism, but it can be an effective procedure to improve the skin.  Skin microneedling uses pen-shaped or roller devices armed with fine needles to make minuscule, evenly spaced punctures in the skin. The small wounds created by the needling devices, which sometimes allow a pinprick of blood to rise to the surface, induce the skin to start a wound healing response. Microneedling is what is referred to as a type of fractional treatment, in which only a fraction of the surface of the skin is affected, leaving skin unharmed around each micro-wound.

Microdermabrasion The process of resurfacing the skin using a machine that sands the skin’s epidermal (outer) layer, using either a wand tipped with crushed diamonds, or a spray of special crystals which are then suctioned back up along with the dead skin cells. it can be very helpful in improving skin texture, fine lines and the effectiveness of home care product penetration.

Missing teeth Much like misshapen teeth, missing teeth cause a whole array of issues including the drifting of your remaining teeth and even bone loss. Before your dental problems become much more serious issues, it’s always a good idea to seek holistic dental treatment from the team at dentistry.

Modified Radical Mastectomy This surgery removes the axillary lymph nodes in addition to the breast tissue.
Depending on the stage of the cancer, a health care team might give someone a choice between a lumpectomy and a mastectomy.
Lumpectomy allows sparing of the breast but usually requires radiation therapy
Afterward. if lumpectomy is indicated, long-term follow-up shows no advantage of a mastectomy over the lumpectomy.

Moisturizers & hydrators Moisturizers are oil-based ingredients, including occlusive agents, such as petrolatum or mineral oil, and emollients like esters and plant oils. They work by creating a seal on the surface of skin which prevents water from escaping. They also make the skin feel smoother and less dry,” says romanowski. “hydrators are ingredients called humectants, such as glycerin or hyaluronic acid, that absorb water from the atmosphere or your skin and hold it in place on your skin.”

Moles and birthmarks Birthmarks are a common type of discoloration that appear on your skin at birth or during the first few weeks of life. They’re usually noncancerous.

They can occur anywhere on your face or body. Birthmarks vary in color, size, appearance, and shape. Some are permanent and may get larger over time. Others fade away completely.

Most birthmarks are harmless and don’t require removal. Some birthmarks may cause unease because of their appearance. Other types of birthmarks, such as hemangiomas or moles, may lead to an increased risk for certain medical conditions, such as skin cancer. These birthmarks should be monitored by a dermatologist and may also require removal.